Sieve analysis separates a sample into size fractions using a stack of sieves with progressively smaller apertures. The exact sample preparation, sieving time, washing requirement and acceptance criteria depend on the material-specific test method, so a generic web guide should not replace the governing procedure.
ISO 2591-1:1988, reviewed and confirmed by ISO in 2023, describes general principles for test sieving with woven-wire cloth and perforated metal plate, including factors affecting the test, apparatus, procedure and presentation of results.
1. Identify the applicable test method
Start with the method required for the material, project or customer specification. This determines sample preparation, the sieve series, whether washing is required and how results must be reported.
2. Prepare a representative sample
The sample should represent the material being tested. Avoid changing the particle-size distribution during handling. Drying, washing, splitting or conditioning should only be performed as required by the applicable method.
3. Select and arrange the sieve stack
Choose apertures that cover the expected particle-size range. Arrange the largest opening at the top and progressively smaller openings below it, with a receiver pan under the finest sieve. Confirm the sieve diameter is compatible with the shaker or manual procedure.
4. Record the starting mass
Weigh the test portion using the balance accuracy required by the method. Keep a clear record so the recovered mass and retained fractions can be checked after sieving.
5. Sieve according to the test method
Load the sample without overfilling the sieve. Apply the specified manual or mechanical sieving action. Do not invent a universal time or amplitude: different materials and methods use different conditions. For example, ISO 20290-5:2023 describes a reference washing and dry-sieving method for aggregate particle-size distribution.
6. Weigh material retained on each sieve
Carefully recover and weigh each size fraction without losing particles. Follow the test method for handling particles lodged in openings or adhering to the sieve.
7. Calculate the size distribution
A typical report includes mass retained, percentage retained, cumulative percentage retained and percentage passing. The basic relationships are:
- Percentage retained = retained mass divided by the method-defined total mass, multiplied by 100.
- Cumulative percentage retained = sum of the retained percentages down the sieve stack.
- Percentage passing = 100 minus cumulative percentage retained.
Use the denominator and rounding rules required by the governing method.
8. Check mass balance and report
Compare the recovered mass with the starting mass and apply the acceptance rule in the relevant method. Report the sieve series, test conditions, results and any deviations required by the procedure.
Common causes of poor sieve-analysis repeatability
- Using damaged or blocked sieves.
- Inconsistent sample preparation or moisture condition.
- Overloading a sieve.
- Using a sieve stack that does not cover the material size range.
- Changing sieving time or motion between tests without a defined method.
- Losing material during transfer or weighing.
See the Test Sieve Calibration & Inspection Guide and Sieve Shaker Selection Guide for equipment-related considerations.
Technical note: Always follow the material-specific standard or customer method for formal test results.